Dab tsi yog cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim?
Cov tshuaj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj mus rau cov khoom uas peb siv, tshuaj muaj feem xyuam rau txhua kauj ruam. Qee cov tshuaj hu ua cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim, uas yog lub tsev thaiv rau ntau yam kev lag luam. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb xyuas seb cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb yog dab tsi thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov haujlwm sib txawv.
Txhais ntawm Basic Chemicals
Cov tshuaj yooj yim, tseem hu ua cov khoom siv tshuaj lossis cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau, yog thawj cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom lag luam thiab cov neeg siv khoom. Lawv ua cov khoom noj rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv, ua rau lawv tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev lag luam.
Cov tshuaj no feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau thiab muaj kev siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw. Cov tshuaj yooj yim tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg tseem ceeb: petrochemicals, polymers, thiab cov tshuaj inorganic yooj yim.
Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals yog ib co ntawm cov feem ntau siv cov tshuaj yooj yim thiab yog muab los ntawm roj av los yog natural gas. Lawv yog synthesized los ntawm hydrocarbon feedstocks los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li refining thiab cracking. Feem ntau petrochemicals muaj xws li ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, thiab xylene.
Cov tshuaj no yog siv los ua lub tsev thaiv kev tsim cov yas, hluavtaws fibers, roj hmab, detergents, kuab tshuaj, thiab ntau yam khoom. Piv txwv li, ethylene yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov polyethylene, uas yog siv los tsim cov hnab yas, lub raj mis, thiab cov khoom ntim.
Polymers
Polymers yog cov molecules loj uas ua los ntawm kev rov ua dua subunits hu ua monomers. Lawv yog synthesized los ntawm polymerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas txuas cov monomers ua ke. Polymers muaj ntau yam kev siv vim lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb, suav nrog kev yoog raws, ua haujlwm ntev, thiab hluav taws xob conductivity.
Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), thiab polystyrene yog qee yam siv polymers. Lawv pom kev siv hauv kev lag luam xws li ntim khoom, textiles, automotive, kev tsim kho, thiab hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, PET yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov fwj rau dej haus thiab lwm yam kua.
Basic Inorganic Chemical
Cov tshuaj inorganic yooj yim suav nrog ntau yam sib txuas uas feem ntau muab los ntawm cov zaub mov. Cov tshuaj no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev lag luam thiab kev siv. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic yooj yim yog sulfuric acid, ammonia, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, thiab hydrogen peroxide.
Sulfuric acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov tshuaj inorganic vim nws muaj ntau yam kev siv thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov chiv, dyes, detergents, tshuaj, thiab txawm roj teeb. Ammonia feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov chiv, thaum cov tshuaj chlorine feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov PVC, dej kho, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
Tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txawv Sectors
Cov tshuaj yooj yim yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau qhov kev lag luam tseem ceeb. Cia peb saib lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw:
1. Kev ua liaj ua teb
Kev ua liaj ua teb hnyav dhau los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg rau kev tsim cov chiv, tshuaj tua kab, thiab tshuaj tua kab. Fertilizers, muaj cov as-ham tseem ceeb xws li nitrogen, phosphorus, thiab potassium, pab txhim kho cov qoob loo thiab ua kom cov nroj tsuag noj qab haus huv. Yog tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg, kev ua liaj ua teb niaj hnub no yuav tawm tsam kom tau raws li lub ntiaj teb cov zaub mov xav tau.
2. Pharmaceuticals
Kev lag luam kws kho mob hnyav heev nyob ntawm cov tshuaj yooj yim rau kev tsim cov khoom xyaw tshuaj nquag (APIs). Cov APIs no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj uas kho ntau yam kab mob. Cov tshuaj yooj yim ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas ntawm APIs, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj cov tshuaj cawm neeg txoj sia thiab kev kho mob.
3. Kev tsim khoom
Cov tshuaj tseem ceeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom lag luam. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov yas, xim, textiles, iav, ceramics, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv suav tsis tau. Cov tshuaj yooj yim muab cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom ntxiv uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom, yog li txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
4. Zog
Kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev faib tawm kuj vam khom cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim. Petrochemicals ua cov khoom noj rau kev tsim cov roj xws li roj av, diesel, thiab dav hlau roj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj yooj yim yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, roj teeb, thiab lwm yam kev siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv.
5. Kev tsim kho
Cov tshuaj yooj yim ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Cement, uas yog ib qho yooj yim inorganic chemical, yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov pob zeb, uas yog siv dav siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Lwm yam tshuaj xws li nplaum nplaum, sealants, thiab coatings kuj tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev siv.
6. Cov khoom siv
Cov tshuaj tseem ceeb muaj nyob hauv ntau cov khoom siv uas peb siv txhua hnub. Los ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab cov khoom siv tu tus kheej mus rau cov tshuaj ntxuav tsev thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, cov tshuaj yooj yim tsim cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom no. Lawv txhim kho kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, ua rau peb lub neej yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua.
Xaus
Hauv kev xaus, cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tsev rau ntau qhov kev lag luam. Lawv yog cov tsav tsheb tom qab tsim cov khoom siv ntau yam, suav nrog plastics, polymers, chiv, tshuaj, thiab ntau lwm yam. Yog tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg, peb txoj kev ua neej niaj hnub no yuav txawv heev. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov haujlwm sib txawv tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tsis tau, vim tias lawv pab txhawb kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov zej zog thoob ntiaj teb.
