Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm chemistry, ntau inventions thiab discoveries yog vim muaj qhov yuam kev. Cov ntawv me me rau koj txheeb tawm tej kev tshawb pom:
1, Litmus qhov ntsuas
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 17th, ib tug kws kho mob British, Boyle, tau maj nrawm rau nws txoj kev kuaj, nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov rooj, nrog qaug tshuaj tsw qab nws paub tias lub Roses hauv lub vaj paj hlwb tau qhib, thiab nws xav tau zoo saib tus ntxhiab tsw nplua nuj, tab sis, thaum xav txog kev sim ib hnub, gingerly coj ob peb lub paj roses thiab tso rau hauv lub khob dej thiab pib xyaum nrog tus pab. Hmoov tsis, ib qho kev pab cuam raug nplawm ib qho kev poob qis ntawm hydrochloric acid ntawm lub rose, Boyle pob ntseg tsis kam muab pov paj, nws txiav txim siab siv dej rau lub paj yaug. Leej twg paub tias thaum dej poob rau ntawm cov nplaim, splashed nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm hydrochloric acid miraculously reddened, Lub pob ntseg lub pob ntseg tam sim ntawd rhiab rau sawv ntawm ib feem nyob rau hauv liab hydrochloric acid. Tom qab rov sim dua, ib tug litmus yug hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho kev qhia tau muab rho tawm los ntawm Roses, violets thiab lwm yam tshuaj ntsuab. Hauv ntxiv mus ntau tshaj 300 tawm xyoo, cov khoom no tau siv dav hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm chemistry.
2, kev siv cov iab tshiab
Picric (nitrophenol) yog xim daj, iab saj, nyob hauv dej. 1771 tau ua kom nws sib. Txij li thaum xyoo 1849, nws tau raug siv ua daj zas rau dyeing txhob lo lo ntxhuav, thawj tus txiv neej ua dye siv, thiab nws tau nyob hauv kev siv rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo hauv khw muag khoom. Muaj ib hnub 1871, ib tug neeg ua haujlwm tshiab nyob rau hauv Fab Kis ntawm Fabkis txoj haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem qhib picric lub thoob, yog li ntawd nws tau tawg nws nrog ib tug hammer thiab exploded poob nthav, thiab ntau tus neeg raug tua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nws yog ib qho xwm txheej, tab sis nws kuj ua rau tus tswv tsev cob qhia. Tom qab rov ua dua, Picric pib hnyav hnyav rau qhov siv ua tub rog.
3, Bordeaux
Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo zeeg xyoo 1882, Fabkis Milad nyob rau cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog Bordeaux pom txhua qhov chaw txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab mob, tsuas yog ob peb kab ntawm vines ntawm ob sab ntawm txoj kev tseem yog fruitful, tsis puas. Nws muaj kev coj txawv txawv, thiab sab laj rau vaj-neeg ua hauj lwm uas tswj lub vines. Keebkwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ua rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo dawb thiab xiav tooj liab sulfate rau lub vines ntawm ob sab ntawm txoj kev, tawm lawv nrog cov xim dawb thiab xiav ntawm nplooj, thiab cov neeg uas tau xav tias lawv tau txau cov tshuaj lom mus ua rau lub tswv yim ntawm noj txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Milad tau txais kev tshoov siab, thiab tom qab rov ua dua kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb, nws thaum kawg tau tsim lub fungicide - lub Bordeaux daws, uas yog yuav luag zoo rau tag nrho cov nroj tsuag pathogens.
4, Nitrocellulose
Xyoo 1845, hauv Basel, ib lub nroog nyob rau hauv qaum teb Switzerland, cov koom haum Seinberg nyob rau hauv tsev thiab yuam kev mus rau hauv cov hmoov sulfuric acid thiab nitric acid nyob rau hauv lub rooj, thiab nws mob siab nws tus poj niam lub plhaw kom so cov kua qaub ntawm lub rooj. Tom qab qhov teeb meem, nws tau dai qhov khib nyiab qhuav, tiam sis lub plhaw "fais fab" rau hauv av thiab hlawv, thiab ua kom kub hnyiab tag, uas ua rau Seinber xav tsis thoob. Seinber rov qab mus rau ib qho kev sim nrog lo lus nug no, rov hais dua qhov "sib tsoo" uas tshwm sim vim qhov yuam kev. Tom qab ntau yam kev sim, Seinber thaum kawg pom tias yog vim li cas. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog cov cellulose, nws thiab concentrated sulfuric acid thiab concentrated nitric acid sib xyaw ua kua, tsim cov cellulose nitrate ester, uas muaj nitrogen ntau tshaj 13% ntawm cov raug hu ua "Hluav taws Hluav Taws Xob", cov ntsiab lus nitrogen nyob rau hauv li 10% yog hu ua "Paj yeeb tsawg". Cov kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb tau coj mus rau kev yug me nyuam ntawm ib qho kev siv nitrocellulose.
5. Nitrous oxide thiab tshuaj loog
1772 British Chemist Plist tau npaj cov roj uas tau khaws cia rau hauv kev kuaj thiab daim ntawv lo rau ntawm lub raj mis yog O2. David, ib tug hluas kws kho mob, tau siv ob peb tom ntawm cov roj thiab, vim li ntawd, nws tau luag wildly thiab ua las voos nyob rau hauv lub lab. Tom qab ntawd, "Lub plawv" Davy pom tias muaj cov roj thiab hu ua "nitrous oxide." Yog li, Davis cia li rub tawm cov kab noj hniav, qhov mob uas tsis txawj ploj, thiab tom qab ua pa tsis zoo rau nitrous oxide, mob sai sai, zoo siab, nws paub zoo txog "nitrous oxide" lub luag hauj lwm, tom qab ntawd ib qho tshuaj lom.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob chloroform kuj tau los ntawm kev tsis haum. Xyoo 1847, tus kws kho mob British Simpson thiab nws ob tug pabcuam, tau sim nrog sib tham sib tham, ib pliag tom qab, lawv hais lus qis qis dua, xws li qaug dej qaug cawv, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis tuaj yeem khiav. Thaum lawv sawv, Simpson mob siab rau qhov ua rau, pom tias "chloroform" tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg tsis muaj zog, yog li ntawd, muaj kev ua kom loog tshiab. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj chloroform tom qab pom tias muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev, nws tau ua rau cov neeg mob muaj kev txom nyem rau lub sijhawm ntau.
6. Synthesis ntawm aniline Violet.
Xyoo 1856, William Perkins, 18-xyoo-laus tub ntxhais kawm, tau ua haujlwm pab rau cov kws tshawb fawb London August Wilhelm Hofmann kom ua rau tus kabmob malaria-resistant Kinghina, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg paub Kinghina tus qauv thiab ua rau tus dig muag miv ntes tus nas. Ib zaug, Perkin ntxiv potassium dichromate rau aniline sulfate, uas yog ib yam khoom tsaus, thiab cov kev sim tsis tau raws li niaj zaus. Thaum nws tau koom lub cawv los ntxuav qhov seem ntawm lub hwj, ib qho paj zoo nkauj tuaj nyob hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws, thiab Pearl qhov tsim los ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm aniline violet.
Perkins tau txij thaum mus rau hauv kev tsim kev lag luam ntawm aniline Violet, ua kom muaj ntau dua kev tsim kho tshiab (thiab ntau dua cov dej muaj kuab paug). Nws lub lag luam tseem coj mus rau kev lag luam textile thiab luam ntawv thiab dyeing kev koom tes, tom qab tus huab tais muab lub npe ntawm jazz.
Cov qauv zoo sib xws. Pollard los ntawm algae rau iodine, tab sis ntawd pom tias bromine, Bekele pob ntseg vim qhov yuam kev tau pom muaj cov kab mob hauv xov tooj cua ntawm qhov teeb meem; Mendeleev siv cov ntawv teev lus tias "ternary group" hypothesis tsis pom, tab sis poob nthav ntawm "txoj cai ntawm Elemental Cycle", thiab kekule vim "npau suav" thiab tsim tau tsim cov qauv ntawm benzene, txij thaum ntawd tau qhib tau lub ntiaj teb tshiab ntawm cov qauv ua .
